InfoBytes Blog
Filter
Subscribe to our InfoBytes Blog weekly newsletter and other publications for news affecting the financial services industry.
NYDFS issues RFI on private student loan refinancing
On November 8, NYDFS issued a request for information (RFI) to student loan advocates, lenders, regulators, servicers, and other stakeholders, seeking information regarding private student loan refinancing in New York. The Private Student Loan Refinancing Task Force, tasked with “study[ing] and analyz[ing] ways lending institutions that offer non-federal student loans to students of New York institutions of higher education can be incentivized and encouraged to create student loan refinance programs,” issued questions to solicit information from stakeholders to inform a forthcoming report. According to the announcement, the Task Force is seeking responses to questions concerning private sector refinancing of student loans. The questions include, among other things: (i) “What options are available for student loan borrowers to refinance private student loans both in New York State and outside the state?”; (ii) “What options are available for student loan borrowers to refinance federal student loans both in New York State and outside the state?”; (iii) “What is the volume of private student loans refinanced, the terms of the borrowers’ prior loans, the terms of the borrowers’ refinancing loans, the unmet need for student loan refinancing, and the impact of these refinancing loans in New York and nationwide?”; (iv) “What is the volume of federal student loans refinanced, the terms of the borrowers’ prior loans, the terms of the borrowers’ refinancing loans, the unmet need for student loan refinancing, and the impact of these refinancing loans in New York and nationwide?”; and (v) “What publicly available data should the Task Force review? Is there privately owned data that could be made available to the Task Force?” Responses are due by December 8.
CFPB provides update on student loan borrowers
On November 2, the CFPB’s Office of Research released an update showing that student loan borrowers are increasingly likely to struggle to make monthly payments when federal Covid-19 payment suspensions end in January 2023. The findings follow a report issued in April discussing the credit health of student loan borrowers during the pandemic (covered by InfoBytes here). According to the April report, researchers found that borrowers most at risk when payment suspension ends include those who are 30 to 49 years of age and who live in low-income, high-minority census tracts. However, the Bureau pointed out that since the report was released, inflation has risen and delinquencies and balances have increased for consumers across credit products—both of which may contribute to potential payment challenges for borrowers. The Bureau also noted that during this time, payment suspensions were extended through the end of 2022, and President Biden announced a student debt cancellation plan to reduce payment burdens for many borrowers and completely eliminate loans for others (covered by InfoBytes here).
The Bureau’s recent findings examined data from its Consumer Credit Panel (a deidentified sample of credit records from one of the nationwide consumer reporting agencies) on consumers who are expected to resume scheduled loan payments at the end of the suspension. Findings show, among other things, that (i) an increasing number of borrowers are 60 days or more past due on a non-student-loan credit account since mid-2021; (ii) monthly payments across credit products aside from student loans have increased; and (iii) since the April report, delinquencies on non-student-loan products have risen further, with an overall increase in the number of borrowers (5.1 million to 5.5 million) who meet two or more potential risk factors that indicate a borrower may struggle when the payment suspensions end. These risk factors are: “pre-pandemic delinquencies on student loans, pre-pandemic payment assistance on student loans, multiple student loan servicers, delinquencies on other credit products since the start of the pandemic, and new non-medical collections during the pandemic.” The Bureau noted, however, that as many as one-third of borrowers with two or more risk factors may have their balances completely canceled under the student debt cancellation plan, so “despite worsening credit outcomes overall, the cancellation of some student loan debt means that fewer student loan borrowers are likely to be at risk of payment difficulties when federal student loan payments resume in January 2023 than they otherwise would be.”
DOE announces final rules for targeted debt relief programs
On October 31, the Department of Education (DOE) announced final rules to streamline and improve targeted debt relief programs. (See DOE fact sheet here.) The final rules implement several changes to protect student borrowers, including:
- Borrower defense to repayment and arbitration. The final rules establish a strong framework for borrowers to raise a defense to repayment if their post-secondary institution misleads or manipulates them. Claims pending on or received on or after July 1, 2023, can be decided individually or as a group, and may be based on one of the following categories of actionable circumstances: substantial misrepresentation, substantial omission of fact, breach of contract, aggressive and deceptive recruitment, or judgments or final secretarial actions. The final rules will only provide full relief (partial discharges will not be considered), with approved claims requiring “that the institution committed an act or omission which caused the borrower detriment of such a nature and degree that warrant full relief” based upon a preponderance of the evidence. Additionally, the final rules establish certain recoupment processes for DOE to pursue institutions for the cost of approved claims, and will allow borrowers to litigate their case “by preventing institutions that participate in the Direct Loan program from requiring borrowers to engage in pre-dispute arbitration or sign class action waivers.”
- Closed school discharges. The final rules provide an automatic discharge of a borrower’s loan “one year after a college’s closure date for borrowers who were enrolled at the time of closure or left 180 days before closure and who do not accept an approved teach-out agreement or a continuation of the program at another location of the school.” Borrowers who accept but do not complete a teach-out agreement or program continuation will receive a discharge one year after the last date of attendance.
- Total and permanent disability discharge. The final rules include new options for borrowers who have had a total and permanent disability to receive a discharge, including borrowers (i) who receive additional types of disability review codes from the Social Security Administration (SSA); (ii) who later aged into retirement benefits and are no longer classified by one of SSA’s codes; (iii) who have an established disability onset date determined by SSA to be at least 5 years in the past; and (iv) whose first continuing disability review is scheduled at three years. The final rules also eliminate a three-year income monitoring requirement.
- Interest capitalization. Under the final rules, “interest will no longer be added to a borrower’s principal balance the first time a borrower enters repayment, upon exiting a forbearance, and leaving any income-driven repayment plan besides Income-Based Repayment.” Specifically, the final rules eliminate all instances where interest capitalization—which occurs when a borrower has outstanding unpaid interest added to the principal balance—is not required by law.
- Public Service Loan Forgiveness. As previously covered by InfoBytes, the final rules will provide benefits for borrowers seeking Public Service Loan Forgiveness, including providing credit toward the program for borrowers who have qualifying employment.
- False certification. The final rules will provide borrowers with an easier path to discharge when a college falsely certifies a borrower’s eligibility for a student loan. This includes expanding allowable documentation, clarifying applicable discharge dates, and allowing for the consideration of group discharges.
The final rules are effective July 1, 2023.
DOE expands support for veterans/servicemembers and incarcerated individuals
On October 27, the Department of Education (DOE) announced final rules cracking down on deceptive practices affecting veterans and servicemembers and expanding college access to incarcerated students. (See DOE fact sheet here.) The final rules, among other things, (i) implement a change to the “90/10 rule” made by the American Rescue Plan in 2021, which closed a loophole in the Higher Education Act that previously incentivized some for-profit colleges to aggressively recruit veterans and servicemembers in order to receive more DOE funding (going forward, these institutions may no longer count money from veteran and service member benefits toward a 10 percent revenue requirement); (ii) expand access to DOE’s Second Chance Pell Experimental Sites Initiative to allow incarcerated individuals in nearly all states to participate; (iii) provide incarcerated individuals with access to the FSA’s Fresh Start initiative, which will help borrowers with defaulted loans access income-driven low monthly payments as well as with access to Pell Grants; and (iv) clarify requirements and processes for post-secondary institutions when changing ownership, which may require institutions to provide additional financial protection or impose other conditions to protect against risks arising from the transaction.
8th Circuit temporarily pauses Biden’s student debt relief plan
On October 21, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit issued an order granting an emergency motion filed by state attorneys general from Nebraska, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, and South Carolina to temporarily prohibit the Biden administration from discharging any federal loans under its student debt relief plan (announced in August and covered by InfoBytes here). The states’ motion requested an administrative stay prohibiting President Biden from discharging any student loan debt under the cancellation plan until the appellate court issues a decision on the states’ motion for an injunction pending an appeal. The order follows an October 20 ruling issued by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, which dismissed the states’ action for lack of Article III standing after concluding that the states—which attempted “to assert a threat of imminent harm in the form of lost tax revenue in the future”— failed to establish imminent and non-speculative harm sufficient to confer standing. “It should be emphasized that ‘standing in no way depends upon the merits of the Plaintiff[s’] contention that the particular conduct is illegal,’” the district court said. “While Plaintiffs present important and significant challenges to the debt relief plan, the current Plaintiffs are unable to proceed to the resolution of these challenges.” The 8th Circuit ordered an expedited briefing schedule on the states’ motion for an injunction pending appeal, which required both parties to file responses the same week the order was issued.
DOE announces PSLF changes
On October 25, the Department of Education (DOE) announced executive actions intended to bring loans managed by the DOE closer to forgiveness, including credit toward the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) Program for borrowers who have qualifying employment. According to the DOE, these actions will provide borrowers with many of the same benefits already going to those who have applied for PSLF under temporary changes (known as the Limited PSLF Waiver), before its October 31, 2022 end date. The announcement further noted that borrowers with Direct Loans or DOE-managed Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL) will receive credit toward forgiveness on income-driven repayment (IDR) for all months spent in repayment, including payments prior to consolidation, regardless of whether they made partial or late payments or are on a repayment plan. Borrowers will also receive credit for specific periods in deferment and forbearance. Even with these actions, the DOE encouraged borrowers to take the necessary steps to apply for the Limited PSLF Waiver by October 31. The DOE also released a Fact Sheet outlining benefits for borrowers who have Direct or DOE-managed FFEL loans as well as Direct Loan borrowers seeking PSLF.
CFPB releases education ombudsman’s annual report
On October 20, the CFPB Education Loan Ombudsman published its annual report on consumer complaints submitted between September 1, 2021 and August 31, 2022. The report is based on approximately 8,410 complaints received by the Bureau regarding federal and private student loans—a 59 percent increase from the previous reporting period. Of these complaints, roughly 2,000 were related to debt collection, while approximately 900 mentioned Covid-19 (the categories increased by 122 and 23 percent, respectively). The report discussed certain risks raised in the consumer complaints, including difficulty pursuing claims and defenses against predatory institutions of higher learning, improper collection attempts on non-qualified private student loans that have been discharged in bankruptcy, and processing errors and servicer misrepresentations that have caused federal student loan borrowers to not be able to take full advantage of pandemic-related relief.
The report advised policymakers to consider several recommendations, including: (i) examining whether holders of private student loans originated to fund predatory for-profit schools are abiding by state and federal law; (ii) ensuring holders and servicers of private loans are not collecting on non-qualified discharged debt; and (iii) examining whether servicers may be creating barriers to pandemic-related relief. The Bureau also advised policymakers to consider whether to make loan forgiveness programs “opt out” rather than “opt in,” and whether simplifying consumer-facing incentives for consolidating commercial Federal Family Education Loan Program into Direct Consolidation Loans could benefit borrowers if made permanent.
New York prohibits agencies from assessing additional student debt charges
On October 12, the New York governor signed S7862B, which prohibits state agencies from assessing certain additional collection fee charges on certain outstanding student debts. According to the bill, no state agency is permitted to assess an additional collection fee charge on any debt “owed by a debtor to a state agency for a liability resulting from tuition, fees, room and board, educational benefit overpayments, student loans, or other such charges incurred by a student in furtherance of such student's education,” under certain circumstances. The act is effective April 1, 2023.
Biden authorizes borrowers to separate joint consolidation loans
On October 11, President Biden signed S. 1098, which amends the Higher Education Act of 1965 to authorize borrowers to separate joint consolidation loans. According to the bill, borrowers are permitted to split up federally guaranteed student loans held by private lenders into two new federal direct loans. The bill is effective immediately.
CFPB updates education loan servicing examination procedures
On September 28, the CFPB updated the education loan examination procedures in its Supervision and Examination Manual. According to the Bureau, the update to the education loan servicing examination procedures clarifies that when determining its authority to supervise a private student lender, the Bureau “look[s] only to the definition of private education loan in the Truth in Lending Act and not also to Regulation Z.” The Bureau noted that depending on the scope of an examination, “and in conjunction with the compliance management system and consumer complaint response review procedures,” an examination will cover at least one of the following modules: (i) advertising, marketing, and lead generation; (ii) customer application, qualification, loan origination, and disbursement; (iii) student loan servicing; (vi) borrower inquiries and complaints; (v) collections, accounts in default, and credit reporting; (vi) information sharing and privacy; and (vii) examination conclusion and wrap-up.