InfoBytes Blog
Filter
Subscribe to our InfoBytes Blog weekly newsletter and other publications for news affecting the financial services industry.
Treasury makes recommendations to enhance effectiveness of sanctions
On October 18, the U.S. Treasury Department released the results from a comprehensive economic and financial sanctions review and issued recommendations on preserving and enhancing sanctions’ effectiveness in supporting national security and U.S. interests going forward. The 2021 sanctions review involved the participation of hundreds of sanctions stakeholders, including former Treasury officials, the Departments of State and Justice, USAID, Congress, small and large commercial businesses and financial institutions, and foreign governments, among others. The review found that while sanctions are “an essential and effective policy tool,” there are new challenges, “including rising risks from new payments systems, the growing use of digital assets, and cybercriminals,” as well as the “impact of sanctions on the flow of legitimate humanitarian aid to those in need.” The review noted that “American adversaries—and some allies—are already reducing their use of the U.S. dollar and their exposure to the U.S. financial system more broadly in cross-border transactions,” and that Treasury is “mindful of the risk that, if left unchecked, these digital assets and payments systems could harm the efficacy of our sanctions.” The review further found that in the past 20 years, there has been a 933 percent increase in the number of sanctions designations, and stressed that in order to ensure sanctions continue to support U.S. national security objectives, there must be changes made to adapt and modernize the underlying system by which sanctions are deployed.
The review made the following recommendations to mitigate these challenges and bolster the effectiveness of sanctions programs: (i) adopt a structured policy framework linking sanctions to a clear policy objective; (ii) engage in multilateral coordination when possible; (iii) calibrate sanctions to prevent unintended economic, political, and humanitarian impact; (iv) expand existing outreach to ensure sanctions are easily understood, enforceable, and, where possible, reversible; and (v) invest in modernizing Treasury’s sanctions technology, workforce, and infrastructure, especially with respect to digital assets and services.
Agencies announce new measures to combat ransomware
On October 15, the U.S. Treasury Department announced additional steps to help the virtual currency industry combat ransomware and prevent exploitation by illicit actors. The guidance builds upon recent “whole-of-government” actions focused on confronting “criminal networks and virtual currency exchanges responsible for laundering ransoms, encouraging improved cyber security across the private sector, and increasing incident and ransomware payment reporting to U.S. government agencies, including both Treasury and law enforcement.” (Covered by InfoBytes here.) The newest industry-specific guidance—part of the Biden administration’s efforts to counter ransomware threats—outlines sanctions compliance best practices tailored to the unique risks associated with this space. According to Treasury, there is a “need for a collaborative approach to counter ransomware attacks, including public-private partnerships and close relationships with international partners.”
The same day, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) released new data analyzing ransomware trends in Bank Secrecy Act reporting filed between January 2021 and June 2021. The report follows FinCEN’s government-wide priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism priorities released in July (covered by InfoBytes here). Issued pursuant to the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020, the report flags “ransomware as a particularly acute cybercrime concern,” and states that in the first half of 2021, FinCEN identified $590 million in ransomware-related suspicious activity reports (SARs)—an amount exceeding the entirety of the value report in 2020 ($416 million). If this trends continues, FinCEN warns that ransomware-related SARs submitted in 2021 will have a higher transaction value than similar SARs filed in the previous 10 years combined. FinCEN attributes this uptick in activity to several factors, including an increasing overall prevalence of ransomware-related incidents, improved detection and incident reporting, and an increased awareness of reporting obligations and willingness to report by financial institutions.
In conjunction with the “growing prevalence of virtual currency as a payment method,” Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued sanctions compliance guidance for companies in the virtual currency industry, including technology companies, exchangers, administrators, miners, wallet providers, and financial institutions. OFAC warned that “sanctions compliance obligations apply equally to transactions involving virtual currencies and those involving traditional fiat currencies,” and that participants “are responsible for ensuring that they do not engage, directly or indirectly, in transactions prohibited by OFAC sanctions, such as dealings with blocked persons or property, or engaging in prohibited trade- or investment-related transactions.” Among other things, the guidance will assist participants on ways to evaluate risks and build a risk-based sanctions compliance program. OFAC also updated related FAQs 559 and 646.
District Court: News reports cannot reverse dismissal of sanctions suit
On October 13, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York denied a relator’s motion seeking indicative relief, ruling that post-ruling news reports were insufficient to reverse the dismissal of a qui tam suit accusing a UK-based bank and related entities (collectively, “defendants”) of violating U.S. sanctions against Iran. In 2020, the court dismissed the complaint after finding that the government “had articulated multiple valid purposes served by dismissal, and that relator had not carried its burden to show that a dismissal would be ‘fraudulent, arbitrary or capricious, or illegal.’” The relator’s appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit is pending. At the district court, the relator moved for indicative relief based on the premise that if the court had jurisdiction, it would have vacated the dismissal based on disclosures in post-dismissal media reports.
According to the opinion, the defendants entered into a deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) with the DOJ in 2012 following a multi-year, multi-agency investigation concerning allegations that defendants deceptively facilitated U.S. dollar transactions by Iranian clients between 2001 and 2007 in violation of U.S. sanctions and various New York and federal banking regulations. The defendants admitted to the violations and paid hundreds of millions of dollars in fines and penalties. The relator subsequently filed a qui tam action alleging the defendants misled the government in negotiating the DPA. A government investigation found no support for the allegations. In 2019, the DOJ entered a new DPA with defendants. The relator amended its complaint alleging improper conduct related to the 2019 DPA, which the court dismissed.
The relator then filed the instant motion to reopen the case, arguing that news reports published in 2020 showed that the defendants engaged in transactions with sanctioned Iranian entities after 2007, which was contrary to the government’s representations when it moved to dismiss the case. The relator claimed that the government incorrectly asserted that it closely examined records before seeking dismissal and failed to honestly conclude that the allegations were meritless. In denying the relator’s motion, the court explained that the relator failed to show that the news reports would be admissible or were important enough to change the outcome of the earlier motion to dismiss. The court held that news reports are inadmissible and further concluded that none of the suspicious activity reports discussed in the news reports contradicted the government’s representations in its motion to dismiss.
OFAC sanctions Mexican nationals
On October 6, the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) announced sanctions pursuant to the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act against four individuals who are allegedly senior members of a Mexican-based drug cartel, which is said to be responsible for trafficking deadly drugs into the U.S. As a result of the sanctions, all property and interests in property subject to U.S. jurisdiction that belong to the sanctioned persons must be blocked and reported to OFAC. U.S. persons are also generally prohibited from engaging in any dealings involving the property or interests in property of blocked or designated persons. OFAC further notes that the designations against the individuals were made in collaboration with the Drug Enforcement Administration and Mexico’s Financial Intelligence Unit.
OFAC updates Iran, Venezuela FAQs
On September 30, the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) announced the publication of a new Iran-related FAQ. FAQ 932 clarifies that “transactions ordinarily incident to travel to or from Iran by U.S. persons are within an exemption under the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations (ITSR), 31 C.F.R. part 560, and therefore generally are not prohibited.” OFAC also noted that U.S. persons could be prohibited from engaging in transactions associated with persons blocked by sanctions programs or authorities outside the scope of the ITSR.
The same week, on October 1, OFAC announced the publication of a new Venezuela-related FAQ. FAQ 933 clarifies that authorizations in paragraph (a) of Venezuela-related General Licenses 7C and 20B, respectively, have not expired.
OFAC sanctions individual and entity connected to international terrorism
On September 29, the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) announced sanctions in coordinated efforts with the Government of Qatar, pursuant to Executive Order 13224, as amended, against seven individuals and one entity connected to a major Hizballah financial network based in the Arabian Peninsula. According to OFAC, three of the individuals are designated as Specially Designated Global Terrorists (SDGTs) “for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, Hizballah.” Four additional individuals have been designated as SDGTs “for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of,” one of the three individuals designated as SDGTs above. One entity is also being designated “for being owned, controlled, or directed by, directly or indirectly,” one of the individuals designated as SDGTs. As a result, all property and interests in property belonging to the designated persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction are blocked, and any “entities that are owned, directly or indirectly 50 percent or more by them, individually, or with other blocked persons, that are in the United States or in the possession or control of U.S. persons must be blocked.” OFAC warned that the agency “can prohibit or impose strict conditions on the opening or maintaining in the United States of a correspondent account or a payable-through account by a foreign financial institution that either knowingly conducts or facilitates any significant transactions on behalf of a SGDT, or that, among other things, knowingly facilitates a significant transaction for Hizballah or certain persons designated for their connection to Hizballah.” OFAC’s announcement further noted that that “[e]ngaging in certain transactions with the individuals and entity designated today entails risk of secondary sanctions pursuant to E.O. 13224, as amended.”
OFAC reaches multiple settlements with companies that exported goods to Russia and Sudan
On September 27, the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) announced a roughly $1.4 million settlement with a Texas-based supplier of goods and services for the oil and gas industries (a subsidiary of a Netherlands corporation) for allegedly approving contracts that allowed a foreign subsidiary to supply goods to a Russian energy firm blocked under Directive 4 of Executive Order (E.O.) 13662, “Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine,” as implemented by the Ukraine-Related Sanctions Regulations. According to OFAC’s web notice, between July 2015 and November 2016, U.S.-senior managers at the company approved five contracts for its foreign subsidiary to supply oil and exploration goods to the blocked energy firm, thus constituting a “prohibited provision of services involving a person determined to be subject to Directive 4 ([the blocked energy firm]), its property, or its interests in property.”
In arriving at the settlement amount, OFAC considered various aggravating factors, including, among other things, that (i) U.S. senior managers knew that their approvals were for contracts to supply goods to a blocked entity; (ii) the company “acted directly contrary to U.S. foreign policy objectives by approving the sale of oil production or exploration equipment to an entity subject to the restrictions of Directive 4”; and (iii) the company should have recognized the risk involved when the contracts were approved.
OFAC also considered various mitigating factors, including, among other things, that the company took meaningful corrective actions upon discovering the alleged violations to ensure sanctions compliance, and cooperated with OFAC’s investigation and entered into tolling agreements.
OFAC separately reached a $160,000 settlement with a subsidiary of a subsidiary of the same Netherlands corporation for its apparent violation of OFAC’s now-repealed Sudanese Sanctions Regulations. According to OFAC’s web notice, three of the subsidiary’s U.S. employees allegedly facilitated the sale and shipment of oilfield equipment intended for delivery to Sudan, which was, at the time of the transaction, an apparent violation.
OFAC issues Afghanistan general licenses and related FAQs
On September 24, the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued two general licenses (GL) to support the ongoing flow of humanitarian efforts and other activities that support basic human needs in Afghanistan. GL 14, “Authorizing Humanitarian Activities in Afghanistan,” authorizes the U.S. government, nongovernmental organizations, and certain international organizations and entities, as well as those acting on their behalf, to engage in the provision of humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan or other activities that support basic human needs in Afghanistan. GL 15, “Transactions Related to the Exportation or Reexportation of Agricultural Commodities, Medicine, Medical Devices, Replacement Parts and Components, or Software Updates in Afghanistan,” authorizes certain transactions connected to the exportation or reexportation of agricultural commodities, medicine, and medical devices, replacement parts, components, and software updates for medical devices. OFAC also published updated four FAQs related to GLs 14 and 15 (see 928, 929, 930, and 931).
OFAC sanctions Mexican national
On September 22, the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) announced sanctions pursuant to the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act against a Mexican-based cartel boss. OFAC noted that the designated individual allegedly oversaw a drug trafficking corridor and is allegedly responsible for smuggling drugs in the U.S. OFAC also designated seven other Mexican nationals and two Mexican entities. As a result of the sanctions, all property and interests in property belonging to the sanctioned persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction are blocked and must be reported to OFAC. U.S. persons are also generally prohibited from engaging in any dealings involving the property or interests in property of blocked or designated persons.
Treasury takes robust measures against ransomware
On September 21, the U.S. Treasury Department announced recent actions that are focused on confronting “criminal networks and virtual currency exchanges responsible for laundering ransoms, encouraging improved cyber security across the private sector, and increasing incident and ransomware payment reporting to U.S. government agencies, including both Treasury and law enforcement.” As part of its continuing actions to counter the increasing threat of ransomware, the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) announced sanctions against a virtual currency exchange, pursuant to Executive Order 13694, as amended, for its alleged role in providing material support to the threat posed by criminal ransomware actors. As a result of the sanctions, all transactions by U.S. persons or in the U.S. that involve any property or interests in property of designated or otherwise blocked persons are generally prohibited. Additionally, OFAC issued an updated advisory, which highlights “the sanctions risks associated with ransomware payments in connection with malicious cyber-enabled activities and the proactive steps companies can take to mitigate such risks, including actions that OFAC would consider to be ‘mitigating factors’ in any related enforcement action.” Treasury also noted that FinCEN has engaged with industry, law enforcement, and others regarding the ransomware threat through the FinCEN Exchange public-private partnership (covered by InfoBytes here).