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House Financial Services Ranking Member Unveils Housing Finance Reform Alternative
On March 27, Congresswoman Maxine Waters (D-CA), Ranking Member of the House Financial Services Committee, released draft legislation to reform the housing finance market. Congresswoman Waters also released a summary of the proposal and a section-by-section analysis of the bill. The proposed bill, titled the Housing Opportunities Move the Economy (HOME) Forward Act of 2014, offers a counter to a bill already approved by the committee—without any Democratic votes—that would replace Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac with a secondary market funded only by private capital. In certain ways, the HOME Forward Act parallels legislation recently unveiled by the leaders of the Senate Banking Committee. Like its Senate counterpart, Ms. Waters’s bill would establish an insurance fund to provide an explicit government guarantee for certain mortgage-backed securities. Also, similar to the Senate bill, Congresswoman Waters’s proposal would require private backers to take the first 5 percent of any loss (the Senate bill requires private backers to take the first 10 percent of any loss) before the government guarantee is activated. But unlike the Senate bill, which would allow for a variety of issuers to access the mortgage backed security market, the HOME Forward Act would create a co-op of lenders with exclusive authority to issue government-backed MBS. In further contrast to the Senate bill, the HOME Forward Act includes a “waterfall” plan for distribution of Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s earnings in conservatorship to (i) Treasury Senior Preferred shares; (ii) any reserve funds needed in connection with wind-down of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac; (iii) outstanding Affordable Housing Fund payments; and (iv) existing preferred and common shareholders, including Treasury as holder of warrants. The HOME Forward Act also would eliminate rigid affordable housing goals and replace them with a broad based duty to serve requirement.
Treasury Department Opposes HARP Expansion, Use Of Eminent Domain
On January 22, Michael Stegman, Treasury Department Counselor for Housing Finance Policy stated in remarks to an industry conference that the Treasury Department opposes expansion of the Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP) to include loans originated after the current May 31, 2009 cut-off date. Treasury believes that few loans originated after that date are underwater, and that expanding the eligibility date would only prolong market and investor uncertainties. Treasury also does not support efforts by some local jurisdictions to employ eminent domain to seize and restructure underwater mortgages, stating that the administration instead supports legislation to increase refinancing opportunities. Dr. Stegman also discussed housing finance reform generally—he expressed support for the ongoing Senate efforts to reform Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and indicated that the Treasury Department plans to facilitate reform of the private label securities sector by holding “a series of conversations with relevant regulators, market participants, and other stakeholders.”
President Obama Outlines Housing Finance Reform Principles
On August 6, President Obama delivered remarks on federal housing policy, which included the President’s four core principles for single-family housing finance reform: (i) creating a larger role for private capital in the mortgage market, (ii) protecting taxpayers from future mortgage market bailouts, (iii) preserving access to safe and simple mortgage products like the 30-year, fixed-rate mortgage, and (iv) ensuring affordability for first-time buyers. In connection with the speech, the White House released a housing fact sheet with more detail on those principles and other administration housing policy positions. On August 7, the President participated in a question and answer session on housing in which he expressed support for the concepts included in the bipartisan Senate housing finance reform bill introduced in June. The President did not comment on the bill passed last month by the House Financial Services Committee.
Housing Finance Reform Bills Advance in Congress
On July 24, the House Financial Services Committee approved a comprehensive housing finance reform bill, outlined recently by Committee Chairman Jeb Hensarling (R-TX). The Chairman has indicated that the bill could move to the House floor for consideration by the full body shortly after the August recess and that in the interim he will work to explain the bill to his conference and build support. The House bill differs in several substantial ways from a Senate proposal. For instance, the House bill provides for an overhaul of the Federal Housing Administration while the Senate Banking Committee intends to address the FHA separately from, and in advance of, the Senate’s broader housing finance reform bill. The Senate Banking Committee held a hearing this week on its FHA legislation and intends to amend and vote on the bill next week.
House Chairman Outlines Housing Reform Bill
On July 11, House Financial Services Committee Chairman Jeb Hensarling (R-TX) outlined legislation set to be unveiled next week that is designed to reform the housing finance market. The centerpiece of the comprehensive bill is a plan to end the government’s conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac over a five year period, move those entities into receivership, and liquidate them. The bill would aim to replace the government-backed mortgage finance companies with a secondary market funded only by private capital, supported by a non-government, not-for-profit mortgage market utility regulated by the FHFA. The legislation also will include numerous provisions designed to “break down barriers to private investment capital,” including by delaying implementation of Basel III capital rules for community financial institutions and incorporating portions of a bipartisan proposal to change the calculation of loan points and fees in determining qualified mortgage eligibility. Finally, the bill would separate the FHA from HUD, limit the FHA’s mission to only serving first-time homebuyers and borrowers below 115% of area median income (AMI) nationwide or 150% of AMI in high-cost areas, lower the minimum and maximum FHA loan limits, and increase FHA down payment requirements, among other changes to the FHA program.
Bipartisan Group of Senators Propose Housing Finance Reform Bill
On June 25, Senators Mark Warner (D-VA) and Bob Corker (R-TN) announced the introduction of a new bill to reform the secondary mortgage market. The bill, known as the Housing Finance Reform and Taxpayer Protection Act, has bipartisan support from several other members of the Senate Banking Committee. The bill is designed to draw private capital back into the secondary mortgage market by providing a limited government guarantee to qualifying mortgage-backed securities (MBS). It would replace over a period of time Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and in their stead establish the Federal Mortgage Insurance Corporation (FMIC), which would oversee a variety of secondary market utility functions, many of which are similar to those under development by the FHFA. Under the new system, the FMIC would insure MBS securitized by FMIC-approved issuers, provided that the MBS place in the first loss position a private investor with at least 10 cents in equity capital for every dollar of risk. FMIC-insured MBS also would be required to be collateralized by “eligible mortgages” – mortgages that, among other things, meet the CFPB’s ability to pay requirements, have a down payment of at least five percent, and are below the conforming loan limit. The FMIC also would have responsibility for approving bond guarantors to provide credit enhancement, servicers eligible to service loans in MBS pools, and private mortgage insurance companies to insure mortgages with a loan-to-value ratio above 80 percent. The bill also would establish an affordable housing fund subsidized through fees on securitized loans and would grant the FMIC authority to back the entire MBS market for a limited period of time in emergencies.
House, Senate Committees Hold Separate Hearings on Housing Finance Reform
On March 19, the Senate Banking Committee and the House Financial Services Committee each held a hearing to review issues related to housing finance post-federal conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The House committee heard from Acting FHFA Director Edward DeMarco, while the Senate committee heard from non-governmental groups with reform proposals. The hearings mark the beginning of a process expected to play out over the course of the coming months to develop consensus on legislation to reform the housing finance sector. Each of the hearings covered numerous topics, but in each the central issue for debate was the appropriate level of government involvement in the mortgage market. On that primary issue, there was broad consensus that the current conservatorship role of the government should end. However, some stakeholders argued the government should play no role in the reformed market, while others believe a limited, protected government backstop would be necessary to support an affordable, stable housing market. Mr. DeMarco did not take positions on the broad policy issues, but repeated his commitment to implementing the FHFA’s Strategic Plan while positioning Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to meet whatever requirements policymakers choose to impose.