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Fed and Treasury address climate change risks
On October 7, Federal Reserve Governor Lael Brainard spoke at the Federal Reserve Stress Testing Research Conference discussing the impacts of climate change on economic activity. Brainard revealed that the Fed is considering the potential implications of climate-related risks for financial institutions and the financial system and emphasized that scenario analysis is emerging as a possible key analytical tool. Regarding the climate scenario analysis, Brainard noted that climate change’s future financial and economic consequences depends on the physical effects and the nature and speed of the transition to a sustainable economy. She highlighted the importance of “model[ing] the transition risks arising from changes in policies, technology, and consumer and investor behavior and the physical risks of damages caused by an increase in the frequency and severity of climate-related events as well as chronic changes, such as rising temperatures and sea levels.” Brainard also discussed opportunities to learn from other countries' use of climate scenario analysis and overcoming the challenges in implementing climate scenario analysis, noting that “climate scenario analysis may need to consider interdependencies across the financial system,” among other things. Brainard added that she anticipates that it will be useful “to provide supervisory guidance for large banking institutions in their efforts to appropriately measure, monitor, and manage material climate-related risks, following the lead of a number of other countries.”
The same day, the U.S. Treasury Department announced the Treasury Climate Action Plan, which is directed by Executive Order 14008 and Treasury’s efforts to support adaptation and increase resilience of its facilities and operations to the impacts of climate change. Among other things, the plan establishes five priority action areas, including: (i) rebuilding stagnated programs and capabilities; (ii) addressing climate change vulnerabilities across Treasury operations; (iii) ensuring a climate-focused approach to managing Treasury’s real property portfolio footprint; (iv) enabling management to fully consider climate change realities; and (v) accounting for a financial investment approach appropriate to Treasury’s climate objectives. In addition to the priority areas, Treasury will utilize the data and science of climate change to adjust policies, programs, and activities in improving its resilience to climate risks and impacts, according to the announcement.
EU and U.S. release statement on Joint Financial Regulatory Forum
On September 29 and 30, EU and U.S. participants, including officials from the Treasury Department, Federal Reserve Board, CFTC, FDIC, SEC, and OCC, participated in the U.S. – EU Joint Financial Regulatory Forum to continue their ongoing financial regulatory dialogue. Matters discussed focused on six different themes: “(1) market developments and current assessment of financial stability risks, (2) sustainable finance, (3) multilateral and bilateral engagement in banking and insurance, (4) regulatory and supervisory cooperation in capital markets, (5) financial innovation, and (6) anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT).”
While acknowledging that both the EU and U.S. are experiencing “robust economic recoveries,” participants cautioned that the uncertainty around the Covid-19 pandemic and the economic outlook has not dissipated. “[C]ooperative international engagement to mitigate financial stability risks remains essential,” participants warned. Participants also explored issues concerning climate-related challenges for the financial sector and mandates for addressing climate-related financial risks, and touched upon the EU’s strategy for financing its transition to a sustainable economy. Regarding financial innovation, participants discussed potential central bank digital currencies and exchanged views on topics such as new types of digital payments, crypto-assets, and stablecoins, with all participants recognizing the “benefits of greater international supervisory cooperation” and “promot[ing] responsible innovation globally.” In addition, participants discussed progress made in strengthening their respective AML/CFT frameworks, “exchanged views on the opportunities and challenges arising from financial innovation in the AML/CFT area and explored potential areas for enhanced cooperation to combat money laundering and terrorist financing bilaterally and in the framework of [the Financial Action Task Force].”
SEC letter illustrates climate-change disclosures
Recently, the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance issued guidance to companies that may be required to include information concerning climate change risks and opportunities in “disclosures related to a company’s description of business, legal proceedings, risk factors, and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations.” Such disclosures, as discussed in the SEC’s 2010 Climate Change Guidance, address the following: (i) the effect of pending or existing legislation, regulations, and international agreements related to climate change; (ii) the indirect impact of regulations or the direction of business trends; and (iii) the physical effects of climate change. An illustrative letter provided by the Division outlines “sample comments that the Division may issue to companies regarding their climate-related disclosure or the absence of such disclosure.” The Division clarified that the letter does not provide an exhaustive list of issues that companies should consider, and that any comments issued “would be appropriately tailored to the specific company and industry, and would take into consideration the disclosure that a company has provided in Commission filings.”
Treasury seeks info on climate-related financial risks in the insurance sector
On August 31, the U.S. Treasury Department announced a request for information (RFI) seeking public comments on the Federal Insurance Office’s (FIO) future work related to the insurance sector and climate-related financial risks. The RFI is in response to an executive order issued by President Biden in May, which instructed financial regulators to take steps to mitigate, among other things, climate-related risk related to the financial system (covered by InfoBytes here). Among other things, the FIO will focus on the following initial climate-related priorities: (i) “assessing climate-related issues or gaps in the supervision and regulation of insurers, including their potential impacts on U.S. financial stability”; (ii) “assessing the potential for major disruptions of private insurance coverage in U.S. markets that are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, as well as facilitating mitigation and resilience for disasters”; and (iii) “increasing FIO’s engagement on climate-related issues and leveraging the insurance sector’s ability to help achieve climate-related goals.” Responses will help FIO monitor and assess the implications of climate-related financial risks for the insurance sector, and help FIO better understand how to collect “high-quality, reliable, and consistent data” required to accomplish FIO’s objectives.
Senate Democrats urge Treasury to assess climate change financial risk
On August 2, Senators Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY), and Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) wrote to John Morton, Climate Counselor of the Department of Treasury’s Climate Hub, urging the Department to address the threat to the country’s health, security, and financial system regarding the “climate crisis.” As previously covered by InfoBytes, Treasury announced a new coordinated climate policy strategy focusing on domestic and international policymaking to “leverag[e] finance and financial risk mitigation to confront the threat of climate change,” in addition to the formation of a new Climate Hub to coordinate existing climate-related efforts. The Senators’ letter seeks to gather information regarding the Climate Hub’s plan to fulfill its role, including coordinating a strategy in response to President Biden’s recent Executive Order (covered by InfoBytes here), which mandates financial regulators take steps to mitigate climate-related risk related to the financial system, including directing the Secretary of the Treasury to work with Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) members to consider “assessing, in a detailed and comprehensive manner, the climate-related financial risk . . . to the financial stability of the federal government and the stability of the U.S. financial system,” and to facilitate climate-related risk information sharing between FSOC member agencies and other federal departments and agencies. The letter states that “it is imperative that you wield your leadership position in the Climate Hub to support FSOC’s efforts to align these financial regulators and implement strong guidelines to ensure that banks and financial institutions, which continue to finance risky fossil fuel investments, are adequately prepared for climate-related disruptions.”
OCC takes measures to address climate change risks
On July 27, the OCC appointed Darrin Benhart as its Climate Change Risk Officer and announced its membership in the Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System (NGFS). OCC’s membership in NGFS will allow the agency to collaborate with central banks and peer supervisors, share best practices, and contribute to the development of climate risk management in the financial sector. The appointment of Benhart to the newly created position “will significantly expand the agency’s capacity to collaborate with stakeholders and to promote improvements in climate change risk management at banks,” acting Comptroller Michael J. Hsu stated, adding that Benhart “brings a wealth of supervisory, policy, and leadership experience to the role.” Hsu emphasized that “[p]rudently managing climate change risk is a safety and a soundness issue,” noting that these changes “will enable the agency to be more proactive in accelerating the development and adoption of robust climate change risk management practices, especially at the larger banks.”
FSB addresses climate-related financial risks
On July 7, the Financial Stability Board (FSB) released several reports addressing climate-related financial risks. The FSB Roadmap for Addressing Climate-Related Financial Risks noted that a growing number of international initiatives are underway that address financial risks resulting from climate change. “Effective risk management at the level of individual companies and financial market participants is a precondition for a resilient financial system,” the report stated, adding that the “interconnections between climate-related financial risks faced by different participants in the financial system reinforce the case for coordinated action.” Among other things, the FSB set out a roadmap that focuses on four interrelated areas: (i) firm-level disclosures that should be used as the basis for pricing and managing climate-related financial risks at the level of individual entities and market participants; (ii) consistent metrics and disclosure data that can “provide the raw material for the diagnosis of climate-related vulnerabilities”; (iii) an analysis of vulnerabilities to provide the groundwork for designing and applying regulatory and supervisory framework and tools; and (iv) the establishment of regulatory and supervisory practices and tools to allow authorities to effectively identify climate-related risks to financial stability. FSB also released the Report on Promoting Climate-Related Disclosures, following a survey of members which explored national and regional current or planned climate-related disclosures. FSB presented several high-level recommendations, including, among other things, that financial authorities use a framework based on recommendations from the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) across both non-financial corporates and financial institutions to propose a more consistent global approach. FSB issued another report entitled, The Availability of Data with Which to Monitor and Assess Climate-Related Risks to Financial Stability, that suggested various priorities to address climate-related data gaps “to improve the monitoring and assessment of climate-related risks to financial stability.”
Additionally, Federal Reserve Board Vice Chair for Supervision, Randal K. Quarles, spoke before the Venice International Conference on Climate Change on July 11, in which he discussed the work of the TCFD and stressed the importance of improving data quality and addressing data gaps, as well as ultimately establishing "a basis of comprehensive, consistent, and comparable data for global monitoring and assessing climate-related financial risks."
NYDFS, state AGs offer recommendations on climate disclosures to SEC
On June 14, NYDFS and a coalition of 12 state attorneys general led by the California attorney general submitted separate letters (see here and here) in response to a request for input by Acting SEC Chair Allison Herren Lee, providing recommendations on disclosing information on climate change risks that entities are facing. Among other things, NYDFS recommends that the SEC: (i) make disclosures reliable, balanced, understandable, consistent over time, comparable among institutions within a sector, and provided in a timely manner; (ii) provide disclosure of the corporate governance and board oversight relating to climate-related issues and risks, such as policies, procedures, internal controls, and management information systems; (iii) disclose how an institution identifies, assesses, monitors, and manages climate-related risks and how such risks are integrated; and (iv) encourage agencies to take an equitable approach “that reflects each institution’s exposure to climate risks and the nature, scale, size, and complexity of its business.” NYDFS notes that “[d]eveloping and managing standards related to the disclosure of risks related to climate change requires collaboration among state and federal regulators and the industries that they regulate.”
The AGs advise the SEC to require that private and public companies analyze climate change-related risks altering their businesses and disclose that information, asserting that the current disclosure requirements under the SEC are insufficient. The letter includes recommendations, such as requiring SEC-regulated firms to (i) make annual disclosures of their greenhouse gas emissions and any plans to address their emissions; (ii) evaluate and disclose the potential impacts of climate change and climate change regulation; and (iii) disclose corporate governance and risk management practices as they relate to climate change.
Biden orders regulators to evaluate, mitigate climate-related financial risks
On May 20, President Biden ordered financial regulators to take steps to mitigate climate-related risk related to the financial system. The executive order, among other things, directs the Secretary of the Treasury to work with Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) members to consider “assessing, in a detailed and comprehensive manner, the climate-related financial risk . . . to the financial stability of the federal government and the stability of the U.S. financial system,” and to facilitate climate-related risk information sharing between FSOC member agencies and other federal departments and agencies. Under the executive order, Treasury is also required to issue a report to the president within 180 days on current efforts taken by FSOC members to incorporate climate-related financial risk into their policies and programs. The executive order directs the report to include recommendations on (i) “actions to enhance climate-related disclosures by regulated entities to mitigate climate-related financial risk”; (ii) current approaches for incorporating climate-related financial risk considerations into regulatory and supervisory activities, as well as a discussion of any impediments faced when adopting these approaches; (iii) processes for identifying climate-related financial risks; and (iv) how “identified climate-related financial risks can be mitigated, including through new or revised regulatory standards as appropriate.” The executive order also states, among other things, that federal financial management and reporting should be modernized to incorporate climate-related financial risk, especially risk related to federal lending programs.
Michael J. Hsu named acting Comptroller of the Currency
On May 7, Michael J. Hsu was designated acting Comptroller of the Currency, effective May 10. Previously, Hsu served as an associate director in the Federal Reserve’s Division of Supervision and Regulation where he led the Large Institution Supervision Coordinating Committee Program, which supervises global systemically important banking companies operating in the U.S. Hsu’s career over the past 19 years also included positions at the SEC, Treasury Department, and International Monetary Fund. In accepting the position, Hsu stated his focus “will be on solving urgent problems and addressing pressing issues until the 32nd Comptroller is confirmed.”
Hsu issued a statement to agency staff the same day outlining planned areas of focus including:
- Addressing the “disproportionate impact” of the Covid-19 pandemic on rural and minority communities;
- Confronting the risks and challenges of climate change, as well as the acceleration of technological development and digitization in the industry;
- Understanding how “complacency about risk-taking is of increasing supervisory concern as [the industry enters] a phase of growth and heightened competition”; and
- Reviewing key regulatory standards, as well as other matters pending before the agency, which will take into account both external and internal views.