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SEC issues $20 million whistleblower award
On December 12, the SEC announced an award totaling nearly $20 million to a whistleblower whose new information and assistance led to a successful SEC enforcement action. According to the redacted order, the whistleblower provided new information, met with SEC staff multiple times, and cooperated in the investigation, which allowed SEC staff to more quickly and efficiently investigate complex issues.
SEC seeks to stop the registration of misleading crypto asset offerings
On November 18, the SEC instituted administrative proceedings against a Wyoming-based organization (respondent) to determine whether a stop order should be issued to suspend the registration of the offer and sale of two crypto assets. The SEC alleged that a Form S-1 registration statement filed by the respondent in September 2021 failed to contain required information about its business, management, and financial condition, such as audited financial statements, and contained materially misleading statements and omissions, including inconsistent statements about whether the tokens are securities as required under the Securities Act of 1933. The SEC further alleged that the respondent failed to cooperate in the examination of respondent’s registration statement.
District Court says blockchain network’s token is a security
On November 7, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Hampshire ruled that digital tokens sold by a blockchain network qualify as securities under the Securities Act of 1933. The SEC sued the company in 2021, claiming that by issuing the tokens, the company conducted an unregistered offering of securities. The company countered that its tokens are not securities because they are not being offered as an investment opportunity on its platform, but rather are designed to be used by content creators and users. The company also argued that the tokens are not securities because they function as “an essential component” of the company’s blockchain and that investors acquired them for use on the company’s network, rather than with the intention of holding them as an investment. Further, the company claimed that it did not receive fair notice that its token offerings are subject to securities laws.
In determining whether the tokens are securities, the court relied on the U.S. Supreme Court’s definition of an investment contract in SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., focusing on the issue of “whether the economic realities surrounding [the company’s] offerings of [the tokens] led investors to have a ‘reasonable expectation of profits to be derived from the entrepreneurial or managerial efforts of others.’” According to the court, multiple statements made by the company led potential investors to reasonably expect the tokens to grow in value as the company continued to oversee the development of its network. “[P]otential investors would understand that [the company] was pitching a speculative value proposition for its digital token,” the court said, rejecting the company’s argument that it had informed some potential investors that the company was not offering its token as an investment. “[A] disclaimer cannot undo the objective economic realities of a transaction,” the court stated, adding that “[n]othing in the case law suggests that a token with both consumptive and speculative uses cannot be sold as an investment contract.” Additionally, the court explained that, while this may be the first instance where securities laws are being “used against an issuer of digital tokens that did not conduct an ICO, [the company] is in no position to claim that it did not receive fair notice that its conduct was unlawful.”
SEC charges investment operation targeting Muslim community
On November 2, the SEC filed a complaint against the founder of a capital investment company, alleging that the defendant targeted Muslim investors in a multimillion dollar fraudulent scheme. According to the complaint, the defendant started the company with the intention of providing purported investment expertise to members of the New York metropolitan area’s Muslim community. The defendant allegedly “offered investors promissory notes that claimed to offer guaranteed, significant returns on investments” in the company. The SEC claimed the defendant received roughly $8 million from investors by promising that the funds would be invested in Quran-compliant investments. However, the defendant allegedly misappropriated all of the funds to either make Ponzi-like payments to investors or to be used for his own personal use, including purchasing luxury vehicles and expensive jewelry or paying gambling debts. The complaint charges the defendant with violations of the antifraud provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The SEC’s announcement noted that the defendant consented to the entry of a judgment (subject to court approval) that imposes a permanent injunction and monetary relief to be determined at a later date. Concurrently, in a parallel action involving the same conduct, the DOJ announced criminal charges against the defendant who pleaded guilty to wire fraud, wire fraud conspiracy, and money laundering.
SEC files charges against crypto-asset seminar operation
On September 19, the SEC filed a complaint against a two individuals and the companies they controlled (collectively, “defendants”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas for allegedly operating an on-going fraudulent and unregistered crypto-asset offering targeting Latino investors. According to the SEC, the defendants allegedly raised more than $12 million from over 5,000 investors who paid for seminars to learn how to build wealth through crypto-asset trading. However, the SEC claimed that one of the individual defendants—who founded the company and actually had no education or training in investments or crypto assets—used the seminars to solicit investors to give their money to the company and then supposedly used the funds to conduct crypto asset and foreign exchange trading. In total, the SEC alleged the individual defendants made roughly $2.7 million in Ponzi payments, diverting nearly $8 million for their own personal use. The complaint charges the defendants with violating, or aiding and abetting violations of, the antifraud provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the Securities Act. The company’s founder is also charged with violating the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The complaint seeks a permanent injunction against the defendants, civil penalties, disgorgement of ill-gotten gains with prejudgment interest, and bars. The SEC stated in its announcement that, at the Commission’s request, the court issued a temporary restraining order to stop the offering, in addition to temporary orders freezing assets and granting additional emergency relief.
SEC charges celebrity with unlawfully promoting crypto security
On October 1, the SEC announced charges against a celebrity (respondent) who allegedly used her social media accountg to tout a crypto-asset security without disclosing the payment she received for the promotion. According to the SEC’s order, the respondent promoted the crypto-asset security on her social media account in exchange for financial payment from the issuer, receiving approximately $250,000 for the promotion. Specifically, the respondent posted a link to a securities offering conducted by an online company with a public website, in which it offered and sold digital tokens to the public. The tokens were offered and sold as investment contracts and therefore qualified as securities pursuant to Section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act. The SEC’s order found that the respondent violated the anti-touting provision of the federal securities laws. Without admitting or denying the SEC’s findings, the respondent agreed to pay $1.26 million, including approximately $260,000 in disgorgement, which represents her promotional payment, plus prejudgment interest, and a $1,000,000 penalty. The respondent also agreed to not promote any crypto-asset securities for three years.
SEC charges bank holding company with over-issuance of securities
On September 29, the SEC announced a cease and desist order against a London-based bank holding company and its subsidiary (collectively, “respondents”) for engaging in unregistered offers and the sale of securities as a result of a failure to implement internal controls to track such transactions. According to the SEC’s order, after the SEC settled an action against an affiliate of the subsidiary, the subsidiary lost its status as a well-known seasoned issuer. As a result, it had to quantify the total number of securities that it anticipated offering and selling and pay registration fees for those offerings upon the filing of a new registration statement. The SEC further noted that, given this requirement, the subsidiary’s “personnel understood the consequences of this status change, including that they should consider implementing a mechanism to track offers and sales of securities off any shelf, relative to the registered amount of securities available to be offered or sold off that shelf, in order to ensure that no securities in excess of the amount registered were offered or sold.” However, according to the SEC, no internal controls were established. According to the SEC’s order, as a result of this failure, the subsidiary allegedly offered and sold approximately $17.7 billion of securities in unregistered transactions. The SEC noted that the subsidiary self-reported its over-issuances to regulators, voluntarily provided documents during the SEC investigation, and subsequently commenced a rescission offer. The SEC found that the subsidiary violated provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 and that both respondents violated provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Without admitting or denying the SEC’s findings, the respondents agreed to cease-and-desist from violating the charged provisions and to comply with certain undertakings designed to effect compliance with Section 5 of the Securities Act, in addition to paying the $200 million civil penalty. The subsidiary also agreed to pay disgorgement of $149 million and prejudgment interest of $11 million deemed satisfied by its offer of rescission.
SEC targets crypto developer and influencer for sale of unregistered securities
On September 19, the SEC issued a cease and desist order against a software development company and its founder (collectively, “respondents”) for the unregistered offer and sale of crypto asset securities. The SEC also announced charges against a crypto influencer involved in promoting the company. According to the SEC’s order, from April 2018 into July 2018, the respondents allegedly conducted an unregistered securities offering of crypto asset securities, which raised approximately $30 million from nearly 4,000 investors. The SEC noted that the respondents told investors that the crypto asset securities would raise in value, that the company’s management would continue to improve the company, and that they would make the tokens available on a crypto trading platform. The order also found that the crypto asset securities were not registered with the SEC and were not applicable for a registration exemption. The SEC alleged the respondents violated the offering registration provisions of Sections 5(a) and 5(c) of the Securities Act of 1933.
According to the SEC’s complaint against the influencer, which was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, the influencer purchased $5 million worth of the company’s crypto asset securities and promoted it on social media platforms from approximately May 2018 to July 2018. He also allegedly failed to disclose that the company had agreed to provide him a 30 percent bonus on the tokens that he purchased, as consideration for his promotional efforts. Additionally, the SEC alleged that he also organized an investing pool, despite not registering the offering with the SEC. The complaint alleged violations of the offering registration provisions of Section 5(a) and (c) of the Securities Act, as well as violations of Section 17(b) of the Act, and seeks injunctive relief, disgorgement plus prejudgment interest, and civil penalties.
Without admitting or denying the allegations, the company agreed to pay $30 million in disgorgement, $4 million in prejudgment interest, and a $500,000 civil penalty. The company also agreed to destroy its remaining tokens, request the removal of its tokens from trading platforms, and publish the SEC’s order on its website and social media channels. The founder, without admitting or denying the SEC’s findings, agreed to refrain from participating in offerings of crypto asset securities for a period of five years and will pay a $250,000 civil penalty.
SEC files charges against investment scheme targeting seniors
On August 17, the SEC filed a complaint against an consulting company and its owner (collectively, “defendants”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey for allegedly making materially false and misleading statements and omitting material facts regarding a fraudulent investment scheme. According to the SEC, between February 2017 to May 2022, the owner offered and sold securities in the form of promissory notes issued by the company to at least eleven investors, ages 64 to 82, raising at least $1.2 million while promising interest rates ranging from 50 percent to 175 percent. The owner allegedly “falsely represented to at least certain of the investors that, among other things, the money they invested in the [company] would be used to make loans to other businesses, which would generate the profits used to repay the [company].” As part of the scheme, the owner is alleged to have provided conflicting explanations of the company’s business and convinced investors “to roll-over their notes into new notes combining unpaid amounts with new investments.” The SEC further alleged that instead the owner withdrew over $486,000 from the company’s bank account and used it to fund his lifestyle and pay for personal expenses. The SEC’s complaint alleges violations of the antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws, specifically, the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The complaint seeks a permanent injunction against the defendants, disgorgement of ill-gotten gains, plus interest, penalties, bars, and other equitable relief.
SEC orders cryptocurrency company to register tokens as securities or pay more than $30 million fine
On August 9, the SEC issued a cease and desist order to a cryptocurrency company accused of allegedly holding an unregistered securities offering. The company raised approximately $30.9 million by selling cryptocurrency tokens to investors through an initial coin offering from November 2017 to January 2018. The SEC asserted, however, that the tokens were offered and sold as investment contracts (and therefore should be considered securities), and that the company’s offering constituted an unregistered securities offering. “A purchaser in the offering of [the tokens] would have had a reasonable expectation of obtaining a future profit based upon [the company’s] efforts in using the proceeds from the offering to create an online identity attestation system that would increase the token’s value on crypto asset trading platforms,” the SEC said in the order, which alleged violations of Sections 5(a) and 5(c) of the Securities Act. While at the time of the offering the company required certain purchasers to agree that they were buying the tokens for “utility” rather than an investment, the SEC argued that the company’s marketing promotions and statements made by early purchasers indicated that purchasers “had a reasonable expectation of profit.” Under the terms of the order, the company agreed to register its tokens with the SEC and notify purchasers in its offering that they may be able to claim a refund on their token purchases. The company also agreed to pay a $300,000 civil penalty. If the company fails to take these actions it faces a $30.9 million fine, minus the amount already paid to the SEC or to token purchasers, the order stated. The SEC noted that the company has already voluntarily taken steps to prepare for registration.